SGI Freeware 1999 August

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Text File | 1998-05-21 | 16.9 KB | 331 lines

GGGGRRRREEEEPPPP((((1111)))) GGGGNNNNUUUU PPPPrrrroooojjjjeeeecccctttt ((((1111999999992222 SSSSeeeepppptttteeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 11110000)))) GGGGRRRREEEEPPPP((((1111)))) NNNNAAAAMMMMEEEE grep, egrep, fgrep - print lines matching a pattern SSSSYYYYNNNNOOOOPPPPSSSSIIIISSSS ggggrrrreeeepppp [-AB] num] [-CEFGVbchiLlnqsvwxyUu] [-e pattern | -f file] [--extended-regexp] [--fixed-strings] [--basic-regexp] [--regexp=PATTERN] [--file=FILE] [--ignore-case] [--word- regexp] [--line-regexp] [--line-regexp] [--no-messages] [-- revert-match] [--version] [--help] [--byte-offset] [--line- number] [--with-filename] [--no-filename] [--quiet] [-- silent] [--files-without-match] [--files-with-matcces] [-- count] [--before-context=NUM] [--after-context=NUM] [-- context] [--binary] [--unix-byte-offsets] _f_i_l_e_s... DDDDEEEESSSSCCCCRRRRIIIIPPPPTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN GGGGrrrreeeepppp searches the named input _f_i_l_e_s (or standard input if no files are named, or the file name ---- is given) for lines containing a match to the given _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. By default, ggggrrrreeeepppp prints the matching lines. There are three major variants of ggggrrrreeeepppp, controlled by the following options. ----GGGG,,,, --------bbbbaaaassssiiiicccc----rrrreeeeggggeeeexxxxpppp Interpret _p_a_t_t_e_r_n as a basic regular expression (see below). This is the default. ----EEEE,,,, --------eeeexxxxtttteeeennnnddddeeeedddd----rrrreeeeggggeeeexxxxpppp Interpret _p_a_t_t_e_r_n as an extended regular expression (see below). ----FFFF,,,, --------ffffiiiixxxxeeeedddd----ssssttttrrrriiiinnnnggggssss Interpret _p_a_t_t_e_r_n as a list of fixed strings, separated by newlines, any of which is to be matched. In addition, two variant programs eeeeggggrrrreeeepppp and ffffggggrrrreeeepppp are available. EEEEggggrrrreeeepppp is similar (but not identical) to ggggrrrreeeepppp ----EEEE, and is compatible with the historical Unix eeeeggggrrrreeeepppp. FFFFggggrrrreeeepppp is the same as ggggrrrreeeepppp ----FFFF. All variants of ggggrrrreeeepppp understand the following options: ----nnnnuuuummmm Matches will be printed with _n_u_m lines of leading and trailing context. However, ggggrrrreeeepppp will never print any given line more than once. ----AAAA nnnnuuuummmm ,,,, --------aaaafffftttteeeerrrr----ccccoooonnnntttteeeexxxxtttt====NNNNUUUUMMMM Print _n_u_m lines of trailing context after matching lines. ----BBBB nnnnuuuummmm ,,,, --------bbbbeeeeffffoooorrrreeee----ccccoooonnnntttteeeexxxxtttt====NNNNUUUUMMMM Print _n_u_m lines of leading context before matching lines. ----CCCC,,,, --------ccccoooonnnntttteeeexxxxtttt Equivalent to ----2222. ----VVVV,,,, --------vvvveeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnn Print the version number of ggggrrrreeeepppp to standard error. This version number should be included in all bug reports (see below). Page 1 (printed 4/8/98) GGGGRRRREEEEPPPP((((1111)))) GGGGNNNNUUUU PPPPrrrroooojjjjeeeecccctttt ((((1111999999992222 SSSSeeeepppptttteeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 11110000)))) GGGGRRRREEEEPPPP((((1111)))) ----bbbb,,,, --------bbbbyyyytttteeee----ooooffffffffsssseeeetttt Print the byte offset within the input file before each line of output. ----cccc,,,, --------ccccoooouuuunnnntttt Suppress normal output; instead print a count of matching lines for each input file. With the ----vvvv,,,, -------- rrrreeeevvvveeeerrrrtttt----mmmmaaaattttcccchhhh option (see below), count non-matching lines. ----eeee _p_a_t_t_e_r_n,,,,--_r_e_g_e_x_p=_P_A_T_T_E_R_N Use _p_a_t_t_e_r_n as the pattern; useful to protect patterns beginning with ----. ----ffff _f_i_l_e,,,,--_f_i_l_e=_F_I_L_E Obtain the pattern from _f_i_l_e. ----hhhh,,,, --------nnnnoooo----ffffiiiilllleeeennnnaaaammmmeeee Suppress the prefixing of filenames on output when multiple files are searched. ----iiii,,,, --------iiiiggggnnnnoooorrrreeee----ccccaaaasssseeee Ignore case distinctions in both the _p_a_t_t_e_r_n and the input files. ----LLLL,,,, --------ffffiiiilllleeeessss----wwwwiiiitttthhhhoooouuuutttt----mmmmaaaattttcccchhhh Suppress normal output; instead print the name of each input file from which no output would normally have been printed. The scanning will stop on the first match. ----llll,,,, --------ffffiiiilllleeeessss----wwwwiiiitttthhhh----mmmmaaaattttcccchhhheeeessss Suppress normal output; instead print the name of each input file from which output would normally have been printed. The scanning will stop on the first match. ----nnnn,,,, --------lllliiiinnnneeee----nnnnuuuummmmbbbbeeeerrrr Prefix each line of output with the line number within its input file. ----qqqq,,,, --------qqqquuuuiiiieeeetttt Quiet; suppress normal output. The scanning will stop on the first match. ----ssss,,,, --------ssssiiiilllleeeennnntttt Suppress error messages about nonexistent or unreadable files. ----vvvv,,,, --------rrrreeeevvvveeeerrrrtttt----mmmmaaaattttcccchhhh Invert the sense of matching, to select non-matching lines. ----wwww,,,, --------wwwwoooorrrrdddd----rrrreeeeggggeeeexxxxpppp Select only those lines containing matches that form whole words. The test is that the matching substring must either be at the beginning of the line, or preceded by a non-word constituent character. Similarly, it must be either at the end of the line or followed by a non-word constituent character. Word- constituent characters are letters, digits, and the underscore. ----xxxx,,,, --------lllliiiinnnneeee----rrrreeeeggggeeeexxxxpppp Select only those matches that exactly match the whole line. Page 2 (printed 4/8/98) GGGGRRRREEEEPPPP((((1111)))) GGGGNNNNUUUU PPPPrrrroooojjjjeeeecccctttt ((((1111999999992222 SSSSeeeepppptttteeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 11110000)))) GGGGRRRREEEEPPPP((((1111)))) ----yyyy Obsolete synonym for ----iiii. ----UUUU,,,, --------bbbbiiiinnnnaaaarrrryyyy Treat the file(s) as binary. By default, under MS-DOS and MS-Windows, ggggrrrreeeepppp guesses the file type by looking at the contents of the first 32KB read from the file. If ggggrrrreeeepppp decides the file is a text file, it strips the CR characters from the original file contents (to make regular expressions with ^^^^ and $$$$ work correctly). Specifying ----UUUU overrules this guesswork, causing all files to be read and passed to the matching mechanism verbatim; if the file is a text file with CR/LF pairs at the end of each line, this will cause some regular expressions to fail. This option is only supported on MS-DOS and MS-Windows. ----uuuu,,,, --------uuuunnnniiiixxxx----bbbbyyyytttteeee----ooooffffffffsssseeeettttssss Report Unix-style byte offsets. This switch causes ggggrrrreeeepppp to report byte offsets as if the file were Unix- style text file, i.e. with CR characters stripped off. This will produce results identical to running ggggrrrreeeepppp on a Unix machine. This option has no effect unless ----bbbb option is also used; it is only supported on MS-DOS and MS-Windows. RRRREEEEGGGGUUUULLLLAAAARRRR EEEEXXXXPPPPRRRREEEESSSSSSSSIIIIOOOONNNNSSSS A regular expression is a pattern that describes a set of strings. Regular expressions are constructed analogously to arithmetic expressions, by using various operators to combine smaller expressions. GGGGrrrreeeepppp understands two different versions of regular expression syntax: ``basic'' and ``extended.'' In GNU ggggrrrreeeepppp, there is no difference in available functionality using either syntax. In other implementations, basic regular expressions are less powerful. The following description applies to extended regular expressions; differences for basic regular expressions are summarized afterwards. The fundamental building blocks are the regular expressions that match a single character. Most characters, including all letters and digits, are regular expressions that match themselves. Any metacharacter with special meaning may be quoted by preceding it with a backslash. A list of characters enclosed by [[[[ and ]]]] matches any single character in that list; if the first character of the list is the caret ^^^^ then it matches any character _n_o_t in the list. For example, the regular expression [[[[0000111122223333444455556666777788889999]]]] matches any single digit. A range of ASCII characters may be specified by giving the first and last characters, separated by a hyphen. Finally, certain named classes of characters are predefined. Their names are self Page 3 (printed 4/8/98) GGGGRRRREEEEPPPP((((1111)))) GGGGNNNNUUUU PPPPrrrroooojjjjeeeecccctttt ((((1111999999992222 SSSSeeeepppptttteeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 11110000)))) GGGGRRRREEEEPPPP((((1111)))) explanatory, and they are [[[[::::aaaallllnnnnuuuummmm::::]]]], [[[[::::aaaallllpppphhhhaaaa::::]]]], [[[[::::ccccnnnnttttrrrrllll::::]]]], [[[[::::ddddiiiiggggiiiitttt::::]]]], [[[[::::ggggrrrraaaapppphhhh::::]]]], [[[[::::lllloooowwwweeeerrrr::::]]]], [[[[::::pppprrrriiiinnnntttt::::]]]], [[[[::::ppppuuuunnnncccctttt::::]]]], [[[[::::ssssppppaaaacccceeee::::]]]], [[[[::::uuuuppppppppeeeerrrr::::]]]], and [[[[::::xxxxddddiiiiggggiiiitttt::::]]]].... For example, [[[[[[[[::::aaaallllnnnnuuuummmm::::]]]]]]]] means [[[[0000----9999AAAA----ZZZZaaaa----zzzz]]]], except the latter form is dependent upon the ASCII character encoding, whereas the former is portable. (Note that the brackets in these class names are part of the symbolic names, and must be included in addition to the brackets delimiting the bracket list.) Most metacharacters lose their special meaning inside lists. To include a literal ]]]] place it first in the list. Similarly, to include a literal ^^^^ place it anywhere but first. Finally, to include a literal ---- place it last. The period .... matches any single character. The symbol \\\\wwww is a synonym for [[[[[[[[::::aaaallllnnnnuuuummmm::::]]]]]]]] and \\\\WWWW is a synonym for [[[[^^^^[[[[::::aaaallllnnnnuuuummmm]]]]]]]]. The caret ^^^^ and the dollar sign $$$$ are metacharacters that respectively match the empty string at the beginning and end of a line. The symbols \\\\<<<< and \\\\>>>> respectively match the empty string at the beginning and end of a word. The symbol \\\\bbbb matches the empty string at the edge of a word, and \\\\BBBB matches the empty string provided it's _n_o_t at the edge of a word. A regular expression matching a single character may be followed by one of several repetition operators: ???? The preceding item is optional and matched at most once. **** The preceding item will be matched zero or more times. ++++ The preceding item will be matched one or more times. {{{{_n}}}} The preceding item is matched exactly _n times. {{{{_n,,,,}}}} The preceding item is matched _n or more times. {{{{,,,,_m}}}} The preceding item is optional and is matched at most _m times. {{{{_n,,,,_m}}}} The preceding item is matched at least _n times, but not more than _m times. Two regular expressions may be concatenated; the resulting regular expression matches any string formed by concatenating two substrings that respectively match the concatenated subexpressions. Two regular expressions may be joined by the infix operator ||||; the resulting regular expression matches any string matching either subexpression. Repetition takes precedence over concatenation, which in turn takes precedence over alternation. A whole subexpression may be enclosed in parentheses to override these precedence rules. Page 4 (printed 4/8/98) GGGGRRRREEEEPPPP((((1111)))) GGGGNNNNUUUU PPPPrrrroooojjjjeeeecccctttt ((((1111999999992222 SSSSeeeepppptttteeeemmmmbbbbeeeerrrr 11110000)))) GGGGRRRREEEEPPPP((((1111)))) The backreference \\\\_n, where _n is a single digit, matches the substring previously matched by the _nth parenthesized subexpression of the regular expression. In basic regular expressions the metacharacters ????, ++++, {{{{, ||||, ((((, and )))) lose their special meaning; instead use the backslashed versions \\\\????, \\\\++++, \\\\{{{{, \\\\||||, \\\$(((, and \\\$))). In eeeeggggrrrreeeepppp the metacharacter {{{{ loses its special meaning; instead use \\\\{{{{. DDDDIIIIAAAAGGGGNNNNOOOOSSSSTTTTIIIICCCCSSSS Normally, exit status is 0 if matches were found, and 1 if no matches were found. (The ----vvvv option inverts the sense of the exit status.) Exit status is 2 if there were syntax errors in the pattern, inaccessible input files, or other system errors. BBBBUUUUGGGGSSSS Email bug reports to bbbbuuuugggg----ggggnnnnuuuu----uuuuttttiiiillllssss@@@@pppprrrreeeepppp....aaaaiiii....mmmmiiiitttt....eeeedddduuuu. Be sure to include the word ``grep'' somewhere in the ``Subject:'' field. Large repetition counts in the {{{{_m,,,,_n}}}} construct may cause grep to use lots of memory. In addition, certain other obscure regular expressions require exponential time and space, and may cause ggggrrrreeeepppp to run out of memory. Backreferences are very slow, and may require exponential time. Page 5 (printed 4/8/98)